A quieting ocean: Unintended consequences of fluctuating economy.

            Climate change, conservation, energy, overpopulation, and pollution may be the most talked about environmental issues today. Public leaders have even down played some and voters saying, “it is junk science” or “it can be improved all the time.” Well, out all of the ones I have mentioned, I think it would be hard for anybody to down play pollution. What do you think of when you hear the word pollution? For me it is the Cuyahoga River. It caught on fire not once, but twice! It made Cleveland infamous though and it carries on today. It did spark a progression for change though. The Clean Water Act established better standards for our waterways. However, there is a different kind of pollution that does not get as much attention as say air or water. Do you ever think how noisy our environment is? How do you handle noise? Do you find noise disrupting at all?

            Lets delve a little deeper. What do you think about ocean noise? Have you ever thought about it? Mind you, we are terrestrial organisms, but marine organisms suffer the same implications from noise pollution as we do. In a 2012 publication, scientists looked at ocean noise and found correlations between ship noise, economic trends, and regulations on the shipping industry.

            Increased ocean noise poses a potential threat to marine animals that depend on sound for a myriad of ecological functions. This study was trying to better understand and reduce noise in marine habitats. The researchers used statistical correlations between regional commercial ships (ships that stayed close to California) and measured low-frequency sounds they emitted. They first looked at these ships when the economy sank (no pun intended) and then when regulations from the California legislator enacted new rules on the shipping industry. They were able to evaluate the trade-offs (and the economic costs) in noise pollution reduction with economic drivers to make additional efforts in reducing noise in the ocean.

            In the end, the statistical analysis the scientist did revealed small reductions in noise frequency with the changing economy and commerce regulations. Specifically, when one ship a day did not sail, one decibel was decreased in the area in in question. During the economic slump, noise levels were significantly reduced by about 40 hertz. They did not notice any significant change in noise levels when new regulations were impose. They did notice the great costs regulations impose on shipping (roughly $19 billion). The scientist point out that legislation needs to be focused on how ships are built and not on regulating how they run.

            In summary, the researchers focus on low-intensity, chronic noise, rather than high-intensity, short duration noise. Determining the ecological and organismal impact of these noises is difficult to document damages. This is due in large part to a very large habitat (the ocean) and organisms do not stay in one place for long. Physiological impacts are also a concern. However, as research on ocean noise continues, we will be better to evaluate it and find solutions that reduce them significantly to the point were oceanic impacts will be minimal (hopefully nothing).

Source: McKenna et. Al,: A quieting ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, September 2012.

Ocean Chemistry

The recent climate changes in the world have have lead to a change in the ocean chemistry. The marine animals are able to adapt to the salt water because of a process called "osmoregulation." This idea is not new the aquatic marine animals have always been able to live in salt water because of the diffusion of water from high to low salt concentrations. Salt is not the only aspect pertaining to the marine life, oxygen plays a major role as well. Deeper in the ocean an animal lives the less oxygen is available. The biochemistry within a marine animal is unique because studies show each animal has a different chemistry depending on how deep in the ocean they live. The oxygen minim zone occurs, but also CO2 starts to become important. The oceans release CO2 back into the atmosphere making the ocean a major driving force for the life on earth. CO2 is released impacting not only the animals but the pH of the surface.

Humans have a major impact of the acidity of the surface water.The ocean takes up about one third of all human carbon emissions. This number is decreasing due to not only the changing temperatures but the ocean chemistry shifting. Ocean chemistry is an area that has not been studied much. In the last three decades the most research has been done. The results show that the "rising temperatures are slowing the carbon absorption across a large portion of the subtropical North Atlantic. Warmer water cannot hold as much carbon dioxide, so the ocean's carbon capacity is decreasing as it warms." Because the warm water cannot hold as much CO2 the department of Global Ecology had predict that the amount of Ca and other elements would change within the ocean. The researchers proved this to be correct.

Because water is such a unique molecule the studies become more difficult. Water is able to dissolve substances, so salt and minerals become important. Water is an element that can be present in all forms, a liquid, solid, and gas. The ocean will contain water in all three forms making the chemistry of the water a challenge to study. Density differences between different masses of seawater are one of the major driving forces of deep-sea circulation. Ocean chemistry is an area that can be studied much more, because there is so much yet to learn about the ocean and how the chemistry will play a role for the future of the ocean and the world.

http://marinebio.org/oceans/ocean-chemistry.asp
 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081211141832.htm
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110710132816.htm